Outline
This Bible Study was mostly created from LessonMaker software (NavPress Software) and the QuickVerse Bible Reference Collection (Parsons Software). This was a lesson taught (or being taught) to the "Sons of Thunder" class (Men 18-40) at Calvary Baptist Church (over several weeks). Thanks for being here at our web site, and may the Lord Jesus Christ be in everything you do!
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF PHILIPPIANS
Paul wrote this note to his friends in Philippi as he sat in a Roman prison, yet the word joy is one of the most frequently used words in the letter. The reason for Paul’s overflowing joy is found in some even more frequent words: God, Lord, Christ, and Jesus. It is a warm letter of thanks for kindness rendered, yet it contains some of the New Testament’s deepest teaching about Christ and the gospel.
Saul the Pharisee
The man we call the Apostle Paul was born in the first decade AD in Tarsus, a small but prosperous harbor city on the trade route from Syria to Asia Minor. Tarsus was known for its schools of philosophy and liberal arts, and some scholars believe that Paul must have had some contact with these. Like most cities in the Roman Empire, Tarsus probably contained synagogues of Greek-speaking Jews who were often as devout as their Hebrew-speaking brethren.1
However, in Phil. 3:5 Paul calls himself "a Hebrew of Hebrews," which probably means that his parents spoke Hebrew and raised him in a strict Jewish home, isolated as much as possible from the pagan city around them.2 They named their boy "Saul" after Israel’s first king, the most glorious member of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin, to which Saul’s parents traced their ancestry (Phil. 3:5). It was a rare Jew outside Palestine who could trace a pure lineage back to the ancient days of Israel, and fellow Jews would have envied the pedigree. Furthermore, Saul’s family must have owned property and had some importance in the gentile community as well, for Saul was born not only a citizen of Tarsus (Acts 21:39) but also a citizen of Rome (Acts 22:27-28).3
Saul was sent to study Jewish law in Jerusalem under the foremost rabbi of his day, the Pharisee Gamaliel (Acts 22:3; Galatians 1:14). The Pharisees (the Hebrew word means "the separated ones") felt that God had set them apart to live by the Torah (the Law, or teaching, of Moses). For them, this meant following the interpretations of the Torah laid down by generations of teachers. Some Pharisees held that a man was righteous if he had done more good than bad, but Saul apparently followed the stricter group who insisted that even the least implications of the Law must be kept.4
The Pharisees expected a Messiah (Hebrew for "Anointed One"; Greek meaning "Christ"), who would deliver them from foreign oppression and rule with justice. However, Jesus of Nazareth had infuriated many Pharisees by interpreting the Law differently and claiming a special relationship with God. Thus, when some Jews began to proclaim Jesus as Messiah and Lord (a term usually reserved for God), strict Pharisees opposed them vehemently.
Saul helped to lead the fight against the proclaimers of Christ in Jerusalem (Acts 7:58-8:3; Galatians 1:13). When some were driven out, Saul obtained permission to pursue them to Damascus. But on the way there, Jesus confronted Saul in a blinding encounter (Acts 9:1-19), revealing to Saul that he was persecuting the very God he professed to worship. From then on, Saul’s understanding of God and the Torah began to change dramatically. He joined those Jews who were urging other Jews to believe in Jesus, and after some years God called him to proclaim Jesus as Savior to the Gentiles also. Saul took the Greek name "Paul" when he turned to work among Gentiles.
Paul the Missionary
Paul’s conversion may have marked his first move outward from cloistered Judaism into pagan culture. He spent ten years in the Roman provinces of Cilicia and Syria (Galatians 1:21), probably preaching Jesus along with Hellenistic (Greek-speaking) Jewish Christians who had fled Jerusalem during the persecution. Then a believer named Barnabas called Paul from Tarsus to Syrian Antioch, where by this time rapid conversions had made the church more gentile than Jewish.5
After a while, the church in Antioch commissioned Paul and Barnabas to evangelize the provinces of Cyprus and Galatia. The two men succeeded in founding churches in several cities. Indeed, the mission to the Gentiles was so successful that the apostles in Jerusalem invited Paul and Barnabas to a council to clarify exactly what God expected of gentile believers (Acts 15). Paul asserted that both Gentiles and Jews were reconciled to God by faith in Jesus, apart from keeping the Law, but certain Jewish Christians felt that gentile converts must keep all the Jewish laws. The council confirmed Paul’s view of the gospel, although some people thought that rejecting the laws as necessary to salvation would alienate potential Jewish converts. Those opponents remained Paul’s enemies and continued to preach against him.
To Philippi
After the council in Jerusalem, Paul left Antioch with a new partner, Silas, to revisit the churches Paul had founded in Galatia. In a town called Lystra, they invited a young half-Jewish man, Timothy, to join their mission team. Along with his mother and grandmother, Timothy had accepted Christ during Paul’s first visit to Lystra, and local church leaders now considered him an extremely promising disciple (Acts 16:1-3; 2 Tim. 1:5).
Paul wanted to spend more time in Asia Minor, but the Holy Spirit seemed to be guiding them away from further evangelism there. Then Paul had a vision of a man urging him to "come over to Macedonia and help us" (Acts 16:9). So, the team set out for the province of Macedonia, north of Greece. The first city they visited was Philippi, a Roman colony planted to guard the Roman road across Macedonia.
Because it was primarily a military outpost, Philippi contained too few Jews even to have a synagogue, which required ten adult men. Furthermore, Romans were notoriously anti-Semitic—about the time Paul arrived in Philippi, the Emperor declared Judaism a superstition and expelled all Jews from Rome.6 So, the few Jews and sympathizers met at a "place of prayer" outside the gate of Philippi (Acts 16:13); they were probably banned from meeting within the city limits.
The Jewish women and gentile "God-fearers"7 at the prayer place received the gospel warmly. Among them was Lydia, an independent businesswoman from Thyatira in Asia. Lydia invited the mission team to stay in her house, and for some weeks the converts continued to meet the missionaries at the prayer place. However, the team ran into trouble with the Roman authorities when Paul delivered a slave girl from demonic oppression. Her owners, who had been profiting from her ability to prophesy, accused Paul and Silas of disturbing the peace and trying to convert Romans. The city officials had Paul and Silas beaten and imprisoned.
That night, an earthquake shook the prison and freed all its prisoners. The jailer accepted Christ because of this miracle, and Paul and Silas agreed to remain in the prison. The next morning, the city magistrates ordered their release, but to protect themselves and future missionaries from similar mistreatment, Paul and Silas informed the officials that they had been treating Roman citizens like ordinary subjects, and demanded that the officials escort them out of town to uphold their honor.
So Paul’s mission team was scarcely in Philippi for a few weeks or months when they had to leave the fledgling church. The new believers had to live in a city where some people had been hurt economically by the missionaries, the magistrates had been embarrassed, and almost everyone was prejudiced against a supposed Jewish cult. Subtle discrimination and outright persecution were inevitable, yet the church flourished.
TIMELINE OF PAUL’S MINISTRY
(All dates are approximate, based on F.F. Bruce, "Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free," page 475.) Conversion of Paul (Acts 9:1-19 33 Paul visits Jerusalem to see Peter (Gal 1:18) 35 Paul in Cilicia and Syria (Acts 9:30, Gal 1:21) 5-46 Paul visits Jerusalem to clarify the mission to the Gentiles (Gal 2:1-10) 46 Paul and Barnabas in Cyprus and Galatia (Acts 13-14) 47-48 Letter to the Galatians 48? Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15) 49 Paul and Silas travel from Antioch to Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Achaia (Acts 16-17) 49-50 Letters to the Thessalonians 50 Paul in Corinth (Acts 18:1-18) 50-52 Paul visits Jerusalem 52 Paul in Ephesus (Acts 19) 52-55 Letters to the Corinthians 55-56 Paul travels to Macedonia, Dalmatia, and Achaia (Acts 20) 55-57 Letter to the Romans early 57 Paul to Jerusalem (Acts 21:1-23:22) May 57 Paul imprisoned in Caesarea (Acts 23:23-26:32) 57-59 Paul sent to house arrest in Rome (Acts 27:1-28:31) 59-62 Letters to Philippians, Colossians, Ephesians, and Philemon 60?-62 Letters to Timothy and Titus ? Paul executed in Rome 65?Partners
The Philippian Christians remained Paul’s most loyal supporters. They sent him money when he was in Thessalonica, so that he would not have to live off the church he was founding there (Phil. 4:16). Later, when they heard he was low on funds in Corinth, the Philippians sent money again (2 Cor. 11:9). After that, they may have lost track of the apostle for years, until they heard that he was imprisoned, probably in Rome. It was ten years since Paul’s first visit to Philippi. He was under arrest in a private house, so he had to pay rent and buy food, but the Christians in Rome would not support a missionary accused of an imperial crime. It was not illegal to be a Christian, so prudent people kept at arm’s length from someone Rome suspected of agitation and treason.
When they heard this news, the Philippians sent one of their members, Epaphroditus, to bear a gift of money to Paul and to take care of him while he was under arrest. But Epaphroditus became severely ill, and Paul felt he should send the man back to Philippi to finish recovering. He sent Epaphroditus with a letter explaining the unexpected return, thanking the Philippians for their gift, informing them about his circumstances, and exhorting them to respond to their current situation as Christians should.
NOTES
1A. T. Robertson, "Paul, the Apostle," THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLE ENCYCLOPEDIA, volume 4 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1956), page 2276.
2F. F. Bruce, "Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free" (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1977), pages 41-43.
3Bruce, pages 32-40.
4Bruce, pages 50-52.
5Bruce, pages 127-133.
6Ralph P. Martin, "Philippians" (Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1976), pages 5-6.
7Acts 16:14 calls Lydia "a worshiper of God"; the Greek word means literally "God-fearer." Jews used this term to describe Gentiles who believed in the true God and joined in Jewish worship but did not fully convert and keep the Jewish laws. Because the meeting place is called a "prayer place," not a "synagogue," we infer that there were fewer than ten Jewish men but an unknown number of Jewish women and God-fearers. Jewish law required ten men for a "synagogue" but had no rules for a "prayer place."
Thanksgiving and Prayer - Philippians 1:1-11
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1. What’s your usual way of saying hello to your friends?
2. In your family, how important are greetings in affirming each other?
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Phil. 1:1-7 (The apostle offers up thanksgivings and prayers, for the good work of grace in the Philippians)
The highest honour of the most eminent ministers is, to be servants of Christ. And those who are not really saints on earth, never will be saints in heaven. Out of Christ, the best saints are sinners, and unable to stand before God. There is no peace without grace. Inward peace springs from a sense of Divine favour. And there is no grace and peace but from God our Father, the fountain and origin of all blessings. At Philippi the apostle was evil entreated, and saw little fruit of his labour; yet he remembers Philippi with joy. We must thank our God for the graces and comforts, gifts and usefulness of others, as we receive the benefit, and God receives the glory. The work of grace will never be perfected till the day of Jesus Christ, the day of his appearance. But we may always be confident God will perform his good work, in every soul wherein he has really begun it by regeneration; though we must not trust in outward appearances, nor in any thing but a new creation to holiness. People are dear to their ministers, when they receive benefit by their ministry. Fellow-sufferers in the cause of God should be dear one to another.
Philippians 1:1 Paul and Timotheus, the servants of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishops and deacons:
3. Who was the author of the letter to the Philippians? (1:1)
4. How did Paul identify himself and his coworker? (1:1)
5. To whom did Paul address this letter? (1:1)
Philippians 1:2 Grace be unto you, and peace, from God our Father, and from the Lord Jesus Christ.
6. How did Paul greet the Philippians? (1:2)
Philippians 1:3 I thank my God upon every remembrance of you,
7. When Paul thought about the Philippians, what did he do? (1:3)
Philippians 1:4 Always in every prayer of mine for you all making request with joy,
Philippians 1:5 For your fellowship in the gospel from the first day until now;
8. How were the Philippians in partnership with Paul? (1:4-5)
Philippians 1:6 Being confident of this very thing, that he which hath begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ:
9. What was Paul confident about? (1:6)
Philippians 1:7 Even as it is meet for me to think this of you all, because I have you in my heart; inasmuch as both in my bonds, and in the defence and confirmation of the gospel, ye all are partakers of my grace.
Philippians 1:8 For God is my record, how greatly I long after you all in the bowels of Jesus Christ.
10. How did Paul feel about the Philippian church? (1:7-8)
Phil. 1:8-11 (He expresses affection, and prays for them)
Shall not we pity and love those souls whom Christ loves and pities? Those who abound in any grace, need to abound more. Try things which differ; that we may approve the things which are excellent. The truths and laws of Christ are excellent; and they recommend themselves as such to any attentive mind. Sincerity is that in which we should have our conversation in the world, and it is the glory of all our graces. Christians should not be apt to take offence, and should be very careful not to offend God or the brethren. The things which most honour God will most benefit us. Let us not leave it doubtful whether any good fruit is found in us or not. A small measure of Christian love, knowledge, and fruitfulness should not satisfy any.
Philippians 1:9 And this I pray, that your love may abound yet more and more in knowledge and in all judgment;
11. What did Paul report that he prayed for? (1:9)
Philippians 1:10 That ye may approve things that are excellent; that ye may be sincere and without offence till the day of Christ;
Philippians 1:11 Being filled with the fruits of righteousness, which are by Jesus Christ, unto the glory and praise of God.
12. What two results did Paul seek? (1:10-11)
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13. How does your pastor greet church members?
14. Why is it a good practice to begin a letter with a Christian blessing?
15. What godly encouragement can you offer other Christians?
16. Paul complimented the church at Philippi; what positive things can you say about your congregation?
17. How is Paul’s prayer for the Philippians a good prayer for you to copy?
Apply It
18. What prayer of thanksgiving can you offer for your church today?
19. How can you encourage someone in his or her Christian journey this week?
20. Which Christian brother or sister would be heartened to receive a letter from you this week?
Paul’s Chains Advance the Gospel - Philippians 1:12-30
Open It
1. How interested are you in the lives of famous people?
2. How often do you watch TV shows or read articles about celebrities?
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Phil. 1:12-20 (Fortifies them against being cast down at his sufferings)
The apostle was a prisoner at Rome; and to take off the offence of the cross, he shows the wisdom and goodness of God in his sufferings. These things made him known, where he would never have otherwise been known; and led some to inquire after the gospel. He suffered from false friends, as well as from enemies. How wretched the temper of those who preached Christ out of envy and contention, and to add affliction to the bonds that oppressed this best of men! The apostle was easy in the midst of all. Since our troubles may tend to the good of many, we ought to rejoice. Whatever turns to our salvation, is by the Spirit of Christ; and prayer is the appointed means of seeking for it. Our earnest expectation and hope should not be to be honoured of men, or to escape the cross, but to be upheld amidst temptation, contempt, and affliction. Let us leave it to Christ, which way he will make us serviceable to his glory, whether by labour or suffering, by diligence or patience, by living to his honour in working for him, or dying to his honour in suffering for him.
Philippians 1:12 But I would ye should understand, brethren, that the things which happened unto me have fallen out rather unto the furtherance of the gospel;
Philippians 1:13 So that my bonds in Christ are manifest in all the palace, and in all other places;
3. Why was Paul being talked about? (1:13)
Philippians 1:14 And many of the brethren in the Lord, waxing confident by my bonds, are much more bold to speak the word without fear.
4. How did Paul’s incarceration affect the testimony of others? (1:14)
5. How was Paul’s ministry affected by his bondage? (1:12-14)
Philippians 1:15 Some indeed preach Christ even of envy and strife; and some also of good will:
Philippians 1:16 The one preach Christ of contention, not sincerely, supposing to add affliction to my bonds:
Philippians 1:17 But the other of love, knowing that I am set for the defence of the gospel.
6. Why did some people preach Christ out of envy and rivalry? (1:15-17)
7. Why did some people preach Christ in love? (1:15-16)
Philippians 1:18 What then? notwithstanding, every way, whether in pretence, or in truth, Christ is preached; and I therein do rejoice, yea, and will rejoice.
8. What made Paul rejoice? (1:18)
Philippians 1:19 For I know that this shall turn to my salvation through your prayer, and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ,
9. Why did Paul expect to be delivered from his predicament? (1:19)
Philippians 1:20 According to my earnest expectation and my hope, that in nothing I shall be ashamed, but that with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ shall be magnified in my body, whether it be by life, or by death.
10. How did Paul expect to be delivered? (1:19-20)
Phil. 1:21-26 (He stood prepared for glorifying Christ by life, or death)
Death is a great loss to a carnal, worldly man, for he loses all his earthly comforts and all his hopes; but to a true believer it is gain, for it is the end of all his weakness and misery. It delivers him from all the evils of life, and brings him to possess the chief good. The apostle’s difficulty was not between living in this world and living in heaven; between these two there is no comparison; but between serving Christ in this world and enjoying him in another. Not between two evil things, but between two good things; living to Christ and being with him. See the power of faith and of Divine grace; it can make us willing to die. In this world we are compassed with sin; but when with Christ, we shall escape sin and temptation, sorrow and death, for ever. But those who have most reason to desire to depart, should be willing to remain in the world as long as God has any work for them to do. And the more unexpected mercies are before they come, the more of God will be seen in them.
Philippians 1:21 For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain.
11. What was Paul’s main purpose in living? (1:21)
Philippians 1:22 But if I live in the flesh, this is the fruit of my labour: yet what I shall choose I wot not.
Philippians 1:23 For I am in a strait betwixt two, having a desire to depart, and to be with Christ; which is far better:
Philippians 1:24 Nevertheless to abide in the flesh is more needful for you.
12. What were Paul’s convictions about living and dying? (1:22-24)
Philippians 1:25 And having this confidence, I know that I shall abide and continue with you all for your furtherance and joy of faith;
Philippians 1:26 That your rejoicing may be more abundant in Jesus Christ for me by my coming to you again.
13. Why did Paul think he would remain alive? (1:24-26)
Phil. 1:27-30 (Exhortations to zeal, and constancy in professing the gospel)
Those who profess the gospel of Christ, should live as becomes those who believe gospel truths, submit to gospel laws, and depend upon gospel promises. The original word "conversation" denotes the conduct of citizens who seek the credit, safety, peace, and prosperity of their city. There is that in the faith of the gospel, which is worth striving for; there is much opposition, and there is need of striving. A man may sleep and go to hell; but he who would go to heaven, must look about him and be diligent. There may be oneness of heart and affection among Christians, where there is diversity of judgment about many things. Faith is God’s gift on the behalf of Christ; the ability and disposition to believe are from God. And if we suffer reproach and loss for Christ, we are to reckon them a gift, and prize them accordingly. Yet salvation must not be ascribed to bodily afflictions, as though afflictions and worldly persecutions deserved it; but from God only is salvation: faith and patience are his gifts.
Philippians 1:27 Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of Christ: that whether I come and see you, or else be absent, I may hear of your affairs, that ye stand fast in one spirit, with one mind striving together for the faith of the gospel;
Philippians 1:28 And in nothing terrified by your adversaries: which is to them an evident token of perdition, but to you of salvation, and that of God.
Philippians 1:29 For unto you it is given in the behalf of Christ, not only to believe on him, but also to suffer for his sake;
Philippians 1:30 Having the same conflict which ye saw in me, and now hear to be in me.
14. What did Paul want the believers to do? (1:27-30)
15. How did Paul tell the Philippians to face opposition? (1:27-30)
16. How did Paul encourage the Christians at Philippi? (1:29)
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17. How did Paul’s notoriety work to his advantage?
18. How would you like the reputation of being a fearless Christian?
19. To what degree do you share Paul’s passion for the gospel?
20. For what do you truly live?
21. Whom do you know who is suffering for Christ right now?
22. How is your church different from the Philippian church?
23. What’s the toughest thing you’ve had to experience as a Christian?
24. What are you willing to risk to have the reputation of being a fearless Christian?
25. What about your life-style do you most want to change in your desire to live for Christ?
Apply It
26. What step toward dedicating every area of your life to Christ can you take today?
27. What can you do today to encourage someone who is suffering because of his or her faith?
Imitating Christ’s Humility - Philippians 2:1-11
Open It
1. When was the last time you had a squabble with a family member?
2. How much of a peacemaker are you?
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Phil. 2:1-4 (Exhortations to a kind, humble spirit and behaviour)
Here are further exhortations to Christian duties; to like-mindedness and lowly-mindedness, according to the example of the Lord Jesus. Kindness is the law of Christ’s kingdom, the lesson of his school, the livery of his family. Several motives to brotherly love are mentioned. If you expect or experience the benefit of God’s compassions to yourselves, be compassionate one to another. It is the joy of ministers to see people like-minded. Christ came to humble us, let there not be among us a spirit of pride. We must be severe upon our own faults, and quick in observing our own defects, but ready to make favourable allowances for others. We must kindly care for others, but not be busy-bodies in other men’s matters. Neither inward nor outward peace can be enjoyed, without lowliness of mind.
Philippians 2:1 If there be therefore any consolation in Christ, if any comfort of love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any bowels and mercies,
3. What four qualities mark unity with Christ? (2:1)
Philippians 2:2 Fulfil ye my joy, that ye be likeminded, having the same love, being of one accord, of one mind.
4. How can Christians show their unity in Christ in practical ways? (2:2)
Philippians 2:3 Let nothing be done through strife or vainglory; but in lowliness of mind let each esteem other better than themselves.
Philippians 2:4 Look not every man on his own things, but every man also on the things of others.
5. What did Paul say about self-centeredness? (2:3-4)
Phil. 2:5-11 (The example of Christ)
The example of our Lord Jesus Christ is set before us. We must resemble him in his life, if we would have the benefit of his death. Notice the two natures of Christ; his Divine nature, and human nature. Who being in the form of God, partaking the Divine nature, as the eternal and only-begotten Son of God, John 1:1, had not thought it a robbery to be equal with God, and to receive Divine worship from men. His human nature; herein he became like us in all things except sin. Thus low, of his own will, he stooped from the glory he had with the Father before the world was. Christ’s two states, of humiliation and exaltation, are noticed. Christ not only took upon him the likeness and fashion, or form of a man, but of one in a low state; not appearing in splendour. His whole life was a life of poverty and suffering. But the lowest step was his dying the death of the cross, the death of a malefactor and a slave; exposed to public hatred and scorn. The exaltation was of Christ’s human nature, in union with the Divine. At the name of Jesus, not the mere sound of the word, but the authority of Jesus, all should pay solemn homage. It is to the glory of God the Father, to confess that Jesus Christ is Lord; for it is his will, that all men should honour the Son as they honour the Father, John 5:23. Here we see such motives to self-denying love as nothing else can supply. Do we thus love and obey the Son of God?
Philippians 2:5 Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus:
6. What did Paul exhort believers to have? (2:5)
Philippians 2:6 Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God:
Philippians 2:7 But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men:
Philippians 2:8 And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.
7. What did Christ set aside when He became a man? (2:6-8)
8. How did Jesus limit Himself? (2:6-8)
9. How was Christ fully God and fully man at the same time? (2:6-8)
10. How is Christ the best example of humility and unselfishness for us? (2:6-8)
11. Why did Christ take on the limitations of being human even though He was of the same nature as God? (2:7)
Philippians 2:9 Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name:
12. How did God exalt Jesus? (2:9)
Philippians 2:10 That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth;
13. How did Christ win sovereignty over all people and over everything? (2:10)
Philippians 2:11 And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
14. What confession will every person make? (2:11)
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15. How does your life show that you count on Christ?
16. How do petty quarrels hold you back in your Christian walk?
17. How can Christ help you keep peace with others?
18. What hinders unity in your church?
19. What kind of disposition does Christ want us to have?
20. How does Christ’s example of humility challenge our natural self-centeredness?
Apply It
21. What practical steps can you take this week to demonstrate humility in your relationships?
22. For the sake of unity in Christ, what petty squabbles should you clear up right away? How?
Shining as Stars - Philippians 2:12-18
Open It
1. Would you prefer to explore the universe aboard a spacecraft or looking through a powerful telescope? Why?
2. What do you most enjoy about the nighttime sky?
3. What is the most frequent complaint you hear?
4. Who pointed the way for you in your first job?
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Phil. 2:12-18 (Diligence in the affairs of salvation, and to be examples to the world)
We must be diligent in the use of all the means which lead to our salvation, persevering therein to the end. With great care, lest, with all our advantages, we should come short. Work out your salvation, for it is God who worketh in you. This encourages us to do our utmost, because our labour shall not be in vain: we must still depend on the grace of God. The working of God’s grace in us, is to quicken and engage our endeavours. God’s good-will to us, is the cause of his good work in us. Do your duty without murmurings. Do it, and do not find fault with it. Mind your work, and do not quarrel with it. By peaceableness; give no just occasion of offence. The children of God should differ from the sons of men. The more perverse others are, the more careful we should be to keep ourselves blameless and harmless. The doctrine and example of consistent believers will enlighten others, and direct their way to Christ and holiness, even as the light-house warns mariners to avoid rocks, and directs their course into the harbour. Let us try thus to shine. The gospel is the word of life, it makes known to us eternal life through Jesus Christ. Running, denotes earnestness and vigour, continual pressing forward; labouring, denotes constancy, and close application. It is the will of God that believers should be much in rejoicing; and those who are so happy as to have good ministers, have great reason to rejoice with them.
Philippians 2:12 Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling.
5. What did the Philippian Christians need to obey? (2:12)
Philippians 2:13 For it is God which worketh in you both to will and to do of his good pleasure.
6. What were the Philippian believers to work out? (2:12-13)
7. How would God help the Philippians obey Him? (2:12-13)
Philippians 2:14 Do all things without murmurings and disputings:
Philippians 2:15 That ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world;
Philippians 2:16 Holding forth the word of life; that I may rejoice in the day of Christ, that I have not run in vain, neither laboured in vain.
8. What instructions did Paul give in relation to everyday Christian living? (2:14-16)
9. Why were the Philippians not shining "like stars" in their world? (2:14-16)
10. Why did the Philippian assembly need to show a united front to unbelievers? (2:14-16)
11. What would enable Paul to boast about the Philippians? (2:14-16)
12. Whose honor was Paul concerned about? (2:16)
Philippians 2:17 Yea, and if I be offered upon the sacrifice and service of your faith, I joy, and rejoice with you all.
13. How did Paul view his own life? (2:17)
14. How did Paul view the faith of the Philippian believers? (2:17)
Philippians 2:18 For the same cause also do ye joy, and rejoice with me.
15. What did Paul want his friends at Philippi to experience? (2:18)
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16. What does it mean "to work out your salvation with fear and trembling"?
17. What do you tend to complain and argue about?
18. What godly qualities make Christians "shine like stars"?
19. How does shining for Christ encourage others to be drawn to Him?
20. What Christian leader has personally invested in your growth as a follower of Christ?
21. How can you help new believers "shine like stars" for God’s kingdom?
Apply It
22. In what situations this week do you need to make a conscious effort not to complain or argue?
23. Before whom do you want to shine in your place of work or neighborhood? In what ways can you do so?
24. What sacrifices can you make for the sake of others today?
Timothy and Epaphroditus - Philippians 2:19-30
Open It
1. When was the last time you gave a character reference for a friend?
2. If close friends were to talk about you behind your back, what would they say?
Explore It
Phil. 2:19-30 (The apostle’s purpose of visiting Philippi)
It is best with us, when our duty becomes natural to us. Naturally, that is, sincerely, and not in pretence only; with a willing heart and upright views. We are apt to prefer our own credit, ease, and safety, before truth, holiness, and duty; but Timothy did not so. Paul desired liberty, not that he might take pleasure, but that he might do good. Epaphroditus was willing to go to the Philippians, that he might be comforted with those who had sorrowed for him when he was sick. It seems, his illness was caused by the work of God. The apostle urges them to love him the more on that account. It is doubly pleasant to have our mercies restored by God, after great danger of their removal; and this should make them more valued. What is given in answer to prayer, should be received with great thankfulness and joy.
Philippians 2:19 But I trust in the Lord Jesus to send Timotheus shortly unto you, that I also may be of good comfort, when I know your state.
3. Why did Paul plan to send Timothy to the Philippians? (2:19)
Philippians 2:20 For I have no man likeminded, who will naturally care for your state.
4. What was Paul’s opinion of Timothy? (2:20)
5. What was Timothy’s relationship with the church at Philippi? (2:20)
Philippians 2:21 For all seek their own, not the things which are Jesus Christ's.
Philippians 2:22 But ye know the proof of him, that, as a son with the father, he hath served with me in the gospel.
6. In Paul’s view, why did Timothy stand out? (2:21-22)
Philippians 2:23 Him therefore I hope to send presently, so soon as I shall see how it will go with me.
7. When would Paul send Timothy to the Philippians? (2:23)
Philippians 2:24 But I trust in the Lord that I also myself shall come shortly.
8. Why was Paul confident that he would revisit the believers at Philippi? (2:24)
Philippians 2:25 Yet I supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my brother, and companion in labour, and fellow soldier, but your messenger, and he that ministered to my wants.
9. Who was Epaphroditus? (2:25)
10. Why did the Philippians send Epaphroditus to Paul? (2:25)
Philippians 2:26 For he longed after you all, and was full of heaviness, because that ye had heard that he had been sick.
11. How did Epaphroditus feel about his friends in Philippi? (2:26)
Philippians 2:27 For indeed he was sick nigh unto death: but God had mercy on him; and not on him only, but on me also, lest I should have sorrow upon sorrow.
12. What happened to Epaphroditus? (2:26-27)
13. How did God spare Paul tremendous sorrow? (2:27)
Philippians 2:28 I sent him therefore the more carefully, that, when ye see him again, ye may rejoice, and that I may be the less sorrowful.
14. How did Paul demonstrate his selflessness? (2:28)
Philippians 2:29 Receive him therefore in the Lord with all gladness; and hold such in reputation:
15. How were the Philippians told to welcome home Epaphroditus? (2:29-30)
Philippians 2:30 Because for the work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life, to supply your lack of service toward me.
16. Why were the Philippians told to honor their messenger? (2:30)
Get It
17. Among your circle of Christian friends, for whom do you have the highest regard? Why?
18. Why could Paul count on Timothy and Epaphroditus?
19. What reputation do you have in your church?
20. In what ways have you proved to be a reliable servant of God?
21. What risks are you willing to take on behalf of other Christians?
22. In what ways can you be God’s "courier" to others?
Apply It
23. How can you be a model of humility and service to other Christians this week?
24. This week, how can you look out for the interests of the Lord rather than your own interests?
No Confidence in the Flesh - Philippians 3:1-11
Open It
1. If you were to update your resume today, what recent accomplishment would you want to include?
2. What do you feel are your most valuable skills and gifts?
3. How do you feel when someone is better than you at something you do well?
Explore It
Phil. 3:1-11 (The apostle cautions the Philippians against judaizing false teachers, and renounces his own former privileges)
Sincere Christians rejoice in Christ Jesus. The prophet calls the false prophets dumb dogs, Isaiah 56:10; to which the apostle seems to refer. Dogs, for their malice against faithful professors of the gospel of Christ, barking at them and biting them. They urged human works in opposition to the faith of Christ; but Paul calls them evil-workers. He calls them the concision; as they rent the church of Christ, and cut it to pieces. The work of religion is to no purpose, unless the heart is in it, and we must worship God in the strength and grace of the Divine Spirit. They rejoice in Christ Jesus, not in mere outward enjoyments and performances. Nor can we too earnestly guard against those who oppose or abuse the doctrine of free salvation. If the apostle would have gloried and trusted in the flesh, he had as much cause as any man. But the things which he counted gain while a Pharisee, and had reckoned up, those he counted loss for Christ. The apostle did not persuade them to do any thing but what he himself did; or to venture on any thing but that on which he himself ventured his never-dying soul. He deemed all these things to be but loss, compared with the knowledge of Christ, by faith in his person and salvation. He speaks of all worldly enjoyments and outward privileges which sought a place with Christ in his heart, or could pretend to any merit and desert, and counted them but loss; but it might be said, It is easy to say so; but what would he do when he came to the trial? He had suffered the loss of all for the privileges of a Christian. Nay, he not only counted them loss, but the vilest refuse, offals thrown to dogs; not only less valuable than Christ, but in the highest degree contemptible, when set up as against him. True knowledge of Christ alters and changes men, their judgments and manners, and makes them as if made again anew. The believer prefers Christ, knowing that it is better for us to be without all worldly riches, than without Christ and his word. Let us see what the apostle resolved to cleave to, and that was Christ and heaven. We are undone, without righteousness wherein to appear before God, for we are guilty. There is a righteousness provided for us in Jesus Christ, and it is a complete and perfect righteousness. None can have benefit by it, who trust in themselves. Faith is the appointed means of applying the saving benefit. It is by faith in Christ’s blood. We are made conformable to Christ’s death, when we die to sin, as he died for sin; and the world is crucified to us, and we to the world, by the cross of Christ. The apostle was willing to do or to suffer any thing, to attain the glorious resurrection of saints. This hope and prospect carried him through all difficulties in his work. He did not hope to attain it through his own merit and righteousness, but through the merit and righteousness of Jesus Christ.
Philippians 3:1 Finally, my brethren, rejoice in the Lord. To write the same things to you, to me indeed is not grievous, but for you it is safe.
4. What did Paul call on believers to do? (3:1)
5. Why did Paul repeat essential truths to the Philippians? (3:1)
Philippians 3:2 Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision.
6. What did Paul say about certain false teachers? (3:2)
Philippians 3:3 For we are the circumcision, which worship God in the spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh.
7. Whom did Paul identify as "true"? (3:3)
Philippians 3:4 Though I might also have confidence in the flesh. If any other man thinketh that he hath whereof he might trust in the flesh, I more:
Philippians 3:5 Circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, an Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee;
Philippians 3:6 Concerning zeal, persecuting the church; touching the righteousness which is in the law, blameless.
8. What autobiographical facts did Paul give? (3:4-6)
Philippians 3:7 But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ.
Philippians 3:8 Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I have suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may win Christ,
Philippians 3:9 And be found in him, not having mine own righteousness, which is of the law, but that which is through the faith of Christ, the righteousness which is of God by faith:
9. In what sense was Paul not boasting, even though he was calling attention to his accomplishments? (3:7-9)
10. Why did Paul view his former accomplishments as "rubbish"? (3:8)
11. What was Paul’s status in Christ? (3:9)
Philippians 3:10 That I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, being made conformable unto his death;
Philippians 3:11 If by any means I might attain unto the resurrection of the dead.
12. What longings did Paul admit to the Philippians? (3:10-11)
13. What hope did Paul express? (3:11)
Get It
14. What sorts of things tend to draw you away from Christ?
15. What do you usually boast about?
16. Why do we tend to base our worth as Christians on our performance?
17. Why should our identity and confidence be in the Lord?
18. How is the Apostle Paul’s commitment to Christ an example to you?
Apply It
19. What do you need to start counting as rubbish for the sake of Christ?
20. When you face struggles this week, how can you remember to rejoice rather than complain?
Pressing on Toward the Goal - Philippians 3:12-21
Open It
1. How physically fit are you?
2. If you lived in ancient times and participated in sports, would you prefer chariot racing or spear throwing? Why?
3. How much time do you spend watching or participating in sports?
Explore It
Phil. 3:12-21 (Expresses earnest desire to be found in Christ; also his pressing on toward perfection; and recommends his own example to other believers)
This simple dependence and earnestness of soul, were not mentioned as if the apostle had gained the prize, or were already made perfect in the Saviour’s likeness. He forgot the things which were behind, so as not to be content with past labours or present measures of grace. He reached forth, stretched himself forward towards his point; expressions showing great concern to become more and more like unto Christ. He who runs a race, must never stop short of the end, but press forward as fast as he can; so those who have heaven in their view, must still press forward to it, in holy desires and hopes, and constant endeavours. Eternal life is the gift of God, but it is in Christ Jesus; through his hand it must come to us, as it is procured for us by him. There is no getting to heaven as our home, but by Christ as our Way. True believers, in seeking this assurance, as well as to glorify him, will seek more nearly to resemble his sufferings and death, by dying to sin, and by crucifying the flesh with its affections and lusts. In these things there is a great difference among real Christians, but all know something of them. Believers make Christ all in all, and set their hearts upon another world. If they differ from one another, and are not of the same judgment in lesser matters, yet they must not judge one another; while they all meet now in Christ, and hope to meet shortly in heaven. Let them join in all the great things in which they are agreed, and wait for further light as to lesser things wherein they differ. The enemies of the cross of Christ mind nothing but their sensual appetites. Sin is the sinner’s shame, especially when gloried in. The way of those who mind earthly things, may seem pleasant, but death and hell are at the end of it. If we choose their way, we shall share their end. The life of a Christian is in heaven, where his Head and his home are, and where he hopes to be shortly; he sets his affections upon things above; and where his heart is, there will his conversation be. There is glory kept for the bodies of the saints, in which they will appear at the resurrection. Then the body will be made glorious; not only raised again to life, but raised to great advantage. Observe the power by which this change will be wrought. May we be always prepared for the coming of our Judge; looking to have our vile bodies changed by his Almighty power, and applying to him daily to new-create our souls unto holiness; to deliver us from our enemies, and to employ our bodies and souls as instruments of righteousness in his service.
Philippians 3:12 Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that for which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus.
Philippians 3:13 Brethren, I count not myself to have apprehended: but this one thing I do, forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before,
Philippians 3:14 I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.
4. What was Paul’s testimony? (3:12-14)
5. In what ways did Paul’s spiritual life resemble the discipline of a runner? (3:12-14)
6. What was Paul’s view of the past? (3:13)
7. What was Paul’s goal? (3:14)
Philippians 3:15 Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if in any thing ye be otherwise minded, God shall reveal even this unto you.
8. How did Paul call the Philippians to share his view? (3:15)
9. What did Paul hope for the believers who disagreed with him? (3:15)
Philippians 3:16 Nevertheless, whereto we have already attained, let us walk by the same rule, let us mind the same thing.
10. What was Paul’s plea to the Philippians? (3:16)
Philippians 3:17 Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample.
11. How did Paul want believers to imitate him? (3:17)
Philippians 3:18 (For many walk, of whom I have told you often, and now tell you even weeping, that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ:
Philippians 3:19 Whose end is destruction, whose God is their belly, and whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things.)
12. How did Paul describe God’s enemies? (3:18-19)
Philippians 3:20 For our conversation is in heaven; from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ:
13. Where did the Philippian Christians have their citizenship? (3:20)
14. Whom did the Philippian believers eagerly await? (3:20)
Philippians 3:21 Who shall change our vile body, that it may be fashioned like unto his glorious body, according to the working whereby he is able even to subdue all things unto himself.
15. What characterizes citizens of heaven? (3:21)
Get It
16. What kind of race are you running for Christ?
17. What prize do you seek?
18. What kind of opposition do you face in your struggle to live as a Christian?
19. How can you imitate Paul’s life and example?
20. How can Christ help you stay on track and reach the goal?
Apply It
21. What spiritual workout or training this week will help you run your Christian marathon?
22. In what way can you renew your commitment to press on toward the goal of being like Christ?
Exhortations - Philippians 4:1-9
Open It
1. How do you tend to respond when things don’t go your way?
2. What does it take to live at peace with difficult family members or colleagues?
Explore It
Phil. 4:1 (The apostle exhorts the Philippians to stand fast in the Lord)
The believing hope and prospect of eternal life, should make us steady and constant in our Christian course. There is difference of gifts and graces, yet, being renewed by the same Spirit, we are brethren. To stand fast in the Lord, is to stand fast in his strength, and by his grace.
Philippians 4:1 Therefore, my brethren dearly beloved and longed for, my joy and crown, so stand fast in the Lord, my dearly beloved.
3. How did Paul feel toward the Philippian congregation? (4:1)
4. What did Paul exhort the Philippian believers to do? (4:1)
Philippians 4:2 I beseech Euodias, and beseech Syntyche, that they be of the same mind in the Lord.
5. Why did Paul plead with Euodia and Syntyche? (4:2)
Philippians 4:3 And I intreat thee also, true yokefellow, help those women which laboured with me in the gospel, with Clement also, and with other my fellowlabourers, whose names are in the book of life.
6. How had Euodia and Syntyche helped Paul in the past? (4:3)
7. What was Paul’s relationship with Clement? (4:3)
8. How could Paul count on his "loyal yokefellow"? (4:3)
Philippians 4:4 Rejoice in the Lord alway: and again I say, Rejoice.
9. What did Paul encourage his readers to do? (4:4)
Philippians 4:5 Let your moderation be known unto all men. The Lord is at hand.
10. How did Paul tell the Philippian Christians to treat others? (4:5)
Philippians 4:6 Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God.
Philippians 4:7 And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus.
11. How should an awareness of Christ’s imminent return affect a person’s attitude? (4:5-7)
12. What did Paul say about anxiety? (4:6-7)
13. What were the Philippians to do instead of worrying? (4:6-7)
14. How can a believer enjoy the peace of God? (4:6-7)
Philippians 4:8 Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things.
15. What are the qualities of wholesome thoughts? (4:8)
Philippians 4:9 Those things, which ye have both learned, and received, and heard, and seen in me, do: and the God of peace shall be with you.
16. What were the Philippians to put into practice? (4:9)
17. How can believers enjoy the presence of the God of peace? (4:9)
Get It
18. How have disagreements between people affected your church?
19. When have you been involved in helping Christians resolve differences?
20. How can you have a peaceful spirit?
21. If you were more thankful, joyful, and gentle, how might your family and friends be affected?
22. What does it take for you to think worthy thoughts?
23. What does it mean to live a righteous life-style?
24. In what areas of your life do you need to follow Paul’s example?
Apply It
25. What can you do today to reduce your level of anxiety?
26. How can you be an effective peacemaker this week?
Thanks for Their Gifts - Philippians 4:10-23
Open It
1. What experiences bring you the most contentment?
2. When was a time you felt contentment in the middle of problems or uncertainty?
Explore It
Phil. 4:10-19 (Expresses contentment in every condition of life)
It is a good work to succour and help a good minister in trouble. The nature of true Christian sympathy, is not only to feel concern for our friends in their troubles, but to do what we can to help them. The apostle was often in bonds, imprisonments, and necessities; but in all, he learned to be content, to bring his mind to his condition, and make the best of it. Pride, unbelief, vain hankering after something we have not got, and fickle disrelish of present things, make men discontented even under favourable circumstances. Let us pray for patient submission and hope when we are abased; for humility and a heavenly mind when exalted. It is a special grace to have an equal temper of mind always. And in a low state not to lose our comfort in God, nor distrust his providence, nor take any wrong course for our own supply. In a prosperous condition not to be proud, or secure, or worldly. This is a harder lesson than the other; for the temptations of fulness and prosperity are more than those of affliction and want. The apostle had no design to urge them to give more, but to encourage such kindness as will meet a glorious reward hereafter. Through Christ we have grace to do what is good, and through him we must expect the reward; and as we have all things by him, let us do all things for him, and to his glory.
Philippians 4:10 But I rejoiced in the Lord greatly, that now at the last your care of me hath flourished again; wherein ye were also careful, but ye lacked opportunity.
Philippians 4:11 Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content.
Philippians 4:12 I know both how to be abased, and I know how to abound: every where and in all things I am instructed both to be full and to be hungry, both to abound and to suffer need.
Philippians 4:13 I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me.
3. Why was Paul glad? (4:10-13)
4. What lesson had Paul learned about contentment? (4:10-13)
5. Why could Paul handle any kind of circumstance? (4:13)
Philippians 4:14 Notwithstanding ye have well done, that ye did communicate with my affliction.
6. What did the Philippians do about Paul’s troubles? (4:14)
7. How did Paul feel toward the Philippian believers? Why? (4:14)
Philippians 4:15 Now ye Philippians know also, that in the beginning of the gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, no church communicated with me as concerning giving and receiving, but ye only.
Philippians 4:16 For even in Thessalonica ye sent once and again unto my necessity.
8. How had the Philippians supported Paul in the past? (4:15-16)
Philippians 4:17 Not because I desire a gift: but I desire fruit that may abound to your account.
9. What did Paul not want? (4:17)
10. What did Paul want for the Philippians? (4:17)
Philippians 4:18 But I have all, and abound: I am full, having received of Epaphroditus the things which were sent from you, an odour of a sweet smell, a sacrifice acceptable, wellpleasing to God.
11. What was Paul’s current financial situation? (4:18)
Philippians 4:19 But my God shall supply all your need according to his riches in glory by Christ Jesus.
12. How did Paul respond to the Philippians’ generosity? (4:18-19)
13. How would God reciprocate the believers’ generosity? (4:19)
Phil. 4:20-23 (He concludes with prayer to God the Father, and his usual blessing)
The apostle ends with praises to God. We should look upon God, under all our weakness and fears, not as an enemy, but as a Father, disposed to pity us and help us. We must give glory to God as a Father. God’s grace and favour, which reconciled souls enjoy, with the whole of the graces in us, which flow from it, are all purchased for us by Christ’s merit, and applied by his pleading for us; and therefore are justly called the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Philippians 4:20 Now unto God and our Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen.
14. To whom did Paul give thanks and praise? (4:20)
Philippians 4:21 Salute every saint in Christ Jesus. The brethren which are with me greet you.
Philippians 4:22 All the saints salu, te you, chiefly they that are of Caesar's household.
15. Who sent final greetings to the Philippians? (4:21-22)
Philippians 4:23 The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
16. To what did Paul give prominence in closing his letter? (4:23)
Get It
17. How could Paul be so flexible in his approach to life’s circumstances?
18. How do you handle the unexpected?
19. What can you learn from Paul about being content?
20. The Philippian Christians helped Paul when he needed it; how are you able to help others in trouble?
21. What can you do to be ready for others when they need financial help?
22. What can your church do to help missionaries with financial needs?
23. How will God honor a giving spirit?
24. How can the relationship between Paul and the Philippians help your church in its relationship to those involved in missions?
Apply It
25. This week, what can you do to help a Christian who needs financial support?
26. Whom do you know who needs a note of encouragement from you today?
27. What can you do to develop an attitude of contentment in all circumstances?
From Easton's Bible Dictionary:
PHILIPPIANS, EPISTLE TO was written by Paul during the two years when he was "in bonds" in Rome (Phil. 1:7-13), probably early in the year A.D. 62 or in the end of 61.
The Philippians had sent Epaphroditus, their messenger, with contributions to meet the necessities of the apostle; and on his return Paul sent back with him this letter. With this precious communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey. "The joy caused by his return, and the effect of this wonderful letter when first read in the church of Philippi, are hidden from us. And we may almost say that with this letter the church itself passes from our view. To-day, in silent meadows, quiet cattle browse among the ruins which mark the site of what was once the flourishing Roman colony of Philippi, the home of the most attractive church of the apostolic age. But the name and fame and spiritual influence of that church will never pass. To myriads of men and women in every age and nation the letter written in a dungeon at Rome, and carried along the Egnatian Way by an obscure Christian messenger, has been a light divine and a cheerful guide along the most rugged paths of life" (Professor Beet).
The church at Philippi was the first-fruits of European Christianity. Their attachment to the apostle was very fervent, and so also was his affection for them. They alone of all the churches helped him by their contributions, which he gratefully acknowledges (Acts 20:33-35; 2 Cor. 11:7-12; 2 Thes. 3:8). The pecuniary liberality of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously (Phil. 4:15). "This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions, as 2 Cor. 8-9 amply and beautifully prove. It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were, as a class, very poor (2 Cor. 8:2); and the parallel facts, their poverty and their open-handed support of the great missionary and his work, are deeply harmonious. At the present day the missionary liberality of poor Christians is, in proportion, really greater than that of the rich" (Moule's Philippians, Introd.).
The contents of this epistle give an interesting insight into the condition of the church at Rome at the time it was written. Paul's imprisonment, we are informed, was no hindrance to his preaching the gospel, but rather "turned out to the furtherance of the gospel." The gospel spread very extensively among the Roman soldiers, with whom he was in constant contact, and the Christians grew into a "vast multitude." It is plain that Christianity was at this time making rapid advancement in Rome.
The doctrinal statements of this epistle bear a close relation to those of the Epistle to the Romans. Compare also Phil. 3:20 with Ephes. 2:12, 19, where the church is presented under the idea of a city or commonwealth for the first time in Paul's writings. The personal glory of Christ is also set forth in almost parallel forms of expression in Phil. 2:5-11, compared with Ephes. 1:17-23; Ephes. 2:8; and Col. 1:15-20. "This exposition of the grace and wonder of His personal majesty, personal self-abasement, and personal exaltation after it," found in these epistles, "is, in a great measure, a new development in the revelations given through St. Paul" (Moule). Other minuter analogies in forms of expression and of thought are also found in these epistles of the Captivity.